07 Spring Cloud Netflix

目前市场上主流的第一套微服务架构解决方案:Spring Boot + Spring Cloud Netflix。

创建统一的依赖管理

Spring Cloud 项目都是基于 Spring Boot 进行开发,并且都是使用 Maven 做项目管理工具。在实际开发中,一般都会创建一个依赖管理项目作为 Maven 的 Parent 项目使用,方便对 Jar 包版本的统一管理。

创建一个工程名为 spring-cloud-dependencies 的项目,pom.xml 配置文件如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.1.7.RELEASE</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.chanshiyu</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>spring-cloud-dependencies</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <!-- 项目打包类型,默认为 jar -->
    <packaging>pom</packaging>

    <properties>
        <!-- Environment Settings -->
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>

        <!-- Spring Settings -->
        <spring-cloud.version>Finchley.RELEASE</spring-cloud.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <!-- Compiler 插件, 设定 JDK 版本 -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <configuration>
                    <showWarnings>true</showWarnings>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>

            <!-- 打包 jar 文件时,配置 manifest 文件,加入 lib 包的 jar 依赖 -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
                <configuration>
                    <archive>
                        <addMavenDescriptor>false</addMavenDescriptor>
                    </archive>
                </configuration>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <configuration>
                            <archive>
                                <manifest>
                                    <!-- Add directory entries -->
                                    <addDefaultImplementationEntries>true</addDefaultImplementationEntries>
                                    <addDefaultSpecificationEntries>true</addDefaultSpecificationEntries>
                                    <addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
                                </manifest>
                            </archive>
                        </configuration>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>

            <!-- resource -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>

            <!-- install -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-install-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>

            <!-- clean -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-clean-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>

            <!-- ant -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-antrun-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>

            <!-- dependency -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-dependency-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>

        <!-- 资源文件配置 -->
        <resources>
            <resource>
                <directory>src/main/java</directory>
                <excludes>
                    <exclude>**/*.java</exclude>
                </excludes>
            </resource>
            <resource>
                <directory>src/main/resources</directory>
            </resource>
        </resources>

    </build>

    <repositories>
        <repository>
            <id>aliyun-repos</id>
            <name>Aliyun Repository</name>
            <url>http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public</url>
            <releases>
                <enabled>true</enabled>
            </releases>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </repository>
        <repository>
            <id>sonatype-repos</id>
            <name>Sonatype Repository</name>
            <url>https://oss.sonatype.org/content/groups/public</url>
            <releases>
                <enabled>true</enabled>
            </releases>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </repository>
        <repository>
            <id>sonatype-repos-s</id>
            <name>Sonatype Repository</name>
            <url>https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots</url>
            <releases>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </releases>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>true</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </repository>
        <repository>
            <id>spring-snapshots</id>
            <name>Spring Snapshots</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>true</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </repository>
        <repository>
            <id>spring-milestones</id>
            <name>Spring Milestones</name>
            <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </repository>
    </repositories>

    <pluginRepositories>
        <pluginRepository>
            <id>aliyun-repos</id>
            <name>Aliyun Repository</name>
            <url>http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public</url>
            <releases>
                <enabled>true</enabled>
            </releases>
            <snapshots>
                <enabled>false</enabled>
            </snapshots>
        </pluginRepository>
    </pluginRepositories>

</project>
  • parent:继承了 Spring Boot 的 Parent,表示这一个 Spring Boot 工程

  • package:pom,表示该项目仅当做依赖项目,没有具体的实现代码

  • spring-cloud-dependencies:Spring Cloud 版本号

  • build:配置了项目所需的各种插件

  • repositories:配置项目下载依赖时的第三方库

在实际开发中,所有的项目都会依赖这个 dependencies 项目,整个项目周期中的所有第三方依赖的版本也都由该项目进行管理。

服务注册与发现

服务注册与发现使用的是 Spring Cloud Netflix 的 Eureka 模块。

创建服务注册中心

创建一个工程名为 spring-cloud-eureka 的项目,pom.xml 配置文件如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.chanshiyu</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        <relativePath>../spring-cloud-dependencies/pom.xml</relativePath>
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.chanshiyu</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-eureka</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>spring-cloud-eureka</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring Boot Begin -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Spring Cloud Begin -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <!-- 配置启动入口 -->
                <configuration>
                    <mainClass>com.chanshiyu.springcloudeureka.EurekaApplication</mainClass>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

Application

通过注解 @EnableEurekaServer 启动一个服务注册中心:

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaServer
public class EurekaApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(EurekaApplication.class, args);
    }

}

application.yml

Eureka 是一个高可用的组件,它没有后端缓存,每一个实例注册之后需要向注册中心发送心跳(因此可以在内存中完成),在默认情况下 Erureka Server 也是一个 Eureka Client,必须要指定一个 Server。

spring:
  application:
    name: spring-cloud-eureka

server:
  port: 8761

eureka:
  instance:
    hostname: localhost
  client:
    registerWithEureka: false
    fetchRegistry: false
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://${eureka.instance.hostname}:${server.port}/eureka/

通过 eureka.client.registerWithEureka:falsefetchRegistry:false 来表明自己是一个 Eureka Server。

启动

和普通 Spring Boot 项目一样启动后,界面如下:

服务提供者

当 Client 向 Server 注册时,它会提供一些元数据,例如主机和端口,URL,主页等。Eureka Server 从每个 Client 实例接收心跳消息。 如果心跳超时,则通常将该实例从注册 Server 中删除。

创建服务提供者

创建一个工程名为 spring-cloud-service-hello 的项目,pom.xml 配置文件如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.chanshiyu</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        <relativePath>../spring-cloud-dependencies/pom.xml</relativePath>
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.chanshiyu</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-service-hello</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>spring-cloud-service-hello</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring Boot Begin -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Spring Cloud Begin -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <!-- 配置启动入口 -->
                <configuration>
                    <mainClass>com.chanshiyu.springcloudservicehello.ServiceHelloApplication</mainClass>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

Application

通过注解 @EnableEurekaClient 表明自己是一个 Eureka Client:

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class ServiceHelloApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(ServiceHelloApplication.class, args);
    }

}

application.yml

spring:
  application:
    name: spring-cloud-service-hello

server:
  port: 8762

eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/

需要注意必须指明 spring.application.name,这个很重要,以后的服务与服务之间通过这个 name 来相互调用。

添加服务

服务提供者需要提供服务,这里举个简单栗子:

@RestController
public class HelloController {

    @Value("${server.port}")
    private String port;

    @GetMapping("say")
    public String hello(String message) {
        return String.format("Your message is: %s , port: %s", message, port);
    }

}

访问 http://localhost:8762/say?message=11 结果:

Your message is: 11, port: 8762

服务消费者(Ribbon)

在微服务架构中,业务都会被拆分成一个独立的服务,服务与服务的通讯是基于 http restful 的。Spring cloud 有两种服务调用方式,一种是 ribbon + restTemplate,另一种是 feign

Ribbon 是一个负载均衡客户端,可以很好的控制 http 和 tcp 的一些行为。

创建服务提供者

创建一个工程名为 spring-cloud-web-hello-ribbon 的项目,pom.xml 配置文件如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.chanshiyu</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        <relativePath>../spring-cloud-dependencies/pom.xml</relativePath>
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.chanshiyu</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-web-hello</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>spring-cloud-web-hello-ribbon</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring Boot Begin -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Spring Cloud Begin -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <!-- 配置启动入口 -->
                <configuration>
                    <mainClass>com.chanshiyu.springcloudwebhello.WebHelloRibbonApplication</mainClass>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

主要是增加了 Ribbon 的依赖:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
</dependency>

Application

通过注解 @EnableDiscoveryClient 注册到服务中心:

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class WebHelloRibbonApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(WebHelloRibbonApplication.class, args);
    }

}

application.yml

spring:
  application:
    name: spring-cloud-web-hello-ribbon

server:
  port: 8764

eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/

Configuration

添加一个配置文件,配置注入 RestTemplate 的 Bean,并通过 @LoadBalanced 注解表明开启负载均衡功能:

@Configuration
public class RestTemplateConfiguration {

    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    public RestTemplate restTemplate() {
        return new RestTemplate();
    }

}

测试服务

之后进行调用服务提供者的服务进行测试。

创建一个 HelloService

@Service
public class HelloService {

    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    public String sayHi(String message) {
        return restTemplate.getForObject("http://spring-cloud-service-hello/say?message=" + message, String.class);
    }

}

创建一个 HelloController

@RestController
public class HelloController {

    @Autowired
    private HelloService helloService;

    @GetMapping("/say")
    public String sayHi(@RequestParam String message) {
        return helloService.sayHi(message);
    }

}

先启动服务提供者 spring-cloud-service-hello 两个实例,端口分别为 8762 和 8763。再启动服务消费者,访问 http://localhost:8764/say?message=11 结果会在两个端口之间交替显示,表示已经成功实现了负载均衡功能来访问不同端口的实例:

Your message is: 11, port: 8762
Your message is: 11, port: 8763

此时架构图(service-admin 对应 service-hello,web-admin 对应 web-hello):

  • Eureka Server:服务注册与发现中心,端口号为:8761

  • service-hello:服务提供者,工程运行了两个实例,端口号分别为:8762,8763

  • web-hello-ribbon:服务消费者,工程端口号为:8764

web-hello-ribbon 通过 RestTemplate 调用 service-hello 接口时因为启用了负载均衡功能故会轮流调用它的 8762 和 8763 端口。

服务消费者(Feign)

Feign 是一个声明式的伪 Http 客户端,它使得写 Http 客户端变得更简单。Feign 默认集成了 Ribbon,并和 Eureka 结合,默认实现了负载均衡的效果。

  • Feign 采用的是基于接口的注解

  • Feign 整合了 ribbon

创建服务消费者

创建一个工程名为 spring-cloud-web-hello-feign 的项目,pom.xml 配置文件如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.chanshiyu</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        <relativePath>../spring-cloud-dependencies/pom.xml</relativePath>
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.chanshiyu</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-web-hello-feign</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>spring-cloud-web-hello</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring Boot Begin -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Spring Cloud Begin -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <!-- 配置启动入口 -->
                <configuration>
                    <mainClass>com.chanshiyu.springcloudwebhellofeign.WebHelloFeignApplication</mainClass>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

主要是增加了 Feign 的依赖:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
</dependency>

Application

通过注解 @EnableFeignClients 开启 Feign 功能:

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableFeignClients
public class WebHelloFeignApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(WebHelloFeignApplication.class, args);
    }

}

application.yml

spring:
  application:
    name: spring-cloud-web-hello-feign

server:
  port: 8765

feign:
  hystrix:
    enabled: true

eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/

测试服务

不同于 Ribbon 直接创建 class service,Feign 创建 interface service,通过 @FeignClient("服务名") 注解来指定调用哪个服务:

@FeignClient(value = "spring-cloud-service-hello")
public interface HelloService {

    @GetMapping("say")
    public String sayHi(@RequestParam(value = "message") String message);

}

创建一个 HelloController

@RestController
public class HelloController {

    @Autowired
    private HelloService helloService;

    @GetMapping("/say")
    public String sayHi(@RequestParam String message) {
        return helloService.sayHi(message);
    }

}

启动后访问结果和 Ribbon 一致。

熔断器

在微服务架构中,根据业务来拆分成一个个的服务,服务与服务之间可以通过 RPC 相互调用,在 Spring Cloud 中可以用 RestTemplate + RibbonFeign 来调用。为了保证其高可用,单个服务通常会集群部署。由于网络原因或者自身的原因,服务并不能保证 100% 可用,如果单个服务出现问题,调用这个服务就会出现线程阻塞,此时若有大量的请求涌入,Servlet 容器的线程资源会被消耗完毕,导致服务瘫痪。服务与服务之间的依赖性,故障会传播,会对整个微服务系统造成灾难性的严重后果,这就是服务故障的“雪崩”效应。

为了解决这个问题,业界提出了熔断器模型。Netflix 开源了 Hystrix 组件,实现了熔断器模式,Spring Cloud 对这一组件进行了整合。熔断器打开后,为了避免连锁故障,通过 fallback 方法可以直接返回一个固定值。

Ribbon 中使用熔断器

  1. 在 pom.xml 中增加依赖:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId>
</dependency>
  1. 在 Application 中增加 @EnableHystrix 注解:

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableHystrix
public class WebHelloRibbonApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(WebHelloRibbonApplication.class, args);
    }

}
  1. 在 Service 中增加 @HystrixCommand 注解:

@Service
public class HelloService {

    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "sayError")
    public String sayHi(String message) {
        return restTemplate.getForObject("http://spring-cloud-service-hello/say?message=" + message, String.class);
    }

    public String sayError(String message) {
        return String.format("Hi,your message is : %s but request error.", message);
    }

}

Feign 中使用熔断器

Feign 是自带熔断器的,但默认是关闭的。需要在配置文件中配置打开它,在配置文件增加以下代码:

feign:
  hystrix:
    enabled: true
  1. 在 Service 中增加 fallback 指定类:

@FeignClient(value = "spring-cloud-service-hello", fallback = HelloServiceHystrix.class)
public interface HelloService {

    @GetMapping("say")
    public String sayHi(@RequestParam(value = "message") String message);

}
  1. 创建熔断器类并实现对应的 Feign 接口:

@Component
public class HelloServiceHystrix implements HelloService {

    @Override
    public String sayHi(String message) {
        return String.format("Hi, your message is %s, but request error.", message);
    }
}

熔断器仪表盘监控

增加依赖

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix-dashboard</artifactId>
</dependency>

Application

在 Application 中增加 @EnableHystrixDashboard 注解:

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableFeignClients
@EnableHystrixDashboard
public class WebHelloFeignApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(WebHelloFeignApplication.class, args);
    }

}

Servlet 配置

创建 hystrix.stream 的 Servlet 配置:

@Configuration
public class HystrixDashboardConfiguration {

    @Bean
    public ServletRegistrationBean<HystrixMetricsStreamServlet> getServlet() {
        HystrixMetricsStreamServlet streamServlet = new HystrixMetricsStreamServlet();
        ServletRegistrationBean<HystrixMetricsStreamServlet> registrationBean = new ServletRegistrationBean<>(streamServlet);
        registrationBean.setLoadOnStartup(1);
        registrationBean.addUrlMappings("/hystrix.stream");
        registrationBean.setName("HystrixMetricsStreamServlet");
        return registrationBean;
    }

}

启动后访问仪表盘:http://localhost:8764/hystrix。

fallback 触发条件:

Hystrix Dashboard 界面监控参数:

路由网关

在微服务架构中,需要几个基础的服务治理组件,包括服务注册与发现、服务消费、负载均衡、熔断器、智能路由、配置管理等,由这几个基础组件相互协作,共同组建了一个简单的微服务系统。一个简单的微服务系统如下图:

在 Spring Cloud 微服务系统中,一种常见的负载均衡方式是,客户端的请求首先经过负载均衡(Zuul、Ngnix),再到达服务网关(Zuul 集群),然后再到具体的服。服务统一注册到高可用的服务注册中心集群,服务的所有的配置文件由配置服务管理,配置服务的配置文件放在 GIT 仓库,方便开发人员随时改配置。

Zuul 的主要功能是路由转发和过滤器。路由功能是微服务的一部分,比如 /api/user 转发到到 User 服务,/api/shop 转发到到 Shop 服务。Zuul 默认和 Ribbon 结合实现了负载均衡的功能。

创建路由网关

创建一个工程名为 spring-cloud-zuul 的项目,pom.xml 配置文件如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.chanshiyu</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        <relativePath>../spring-cloud-dependencies/pom.xml</relativePath>
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.chanshiyu</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-zuul</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>spring-cloud-zuul</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring Boot Begin -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Spring Cloud Begin -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-zuul</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <!-- 配置启动入口 -->
                <configuration>
                    <mainClass>com.chanshiyu.springcloudzuul.ZuulApplication</mainClass>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

主要是增加了 Zuul 的依赖:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-zuul</artifactId>
</dependency>

Application

增加注解 @EnableZuulProxy 开启 Zuul 功能:

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableZuulProxy
public class ZuulApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(ZuulApplication.class, args);
    }

}

application.yml

spring:
  application:
    name: spring-cloud-zuul

server:
  port: 8769

eureka:
  client:
    serviceUrl:
      defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/

zuul:
  routes:
    api-a:
      path: /api/a/**
      serviceId: spring-cloud-web-hello-ribbon
    api-b:
      path: /api/b/**
      serviceId: spring-cloud-web-hello-feign

说明:

  • 端口 8769 为默认端口,如果要修改,新建 bootstrap.yml 修改

  • /api/a 开头的请求都转发给 spring-cloud-web-hello-ribbon 服务

  • /api/b 开头的请求都转发给 spring-cloud-web-hello-feign 服务

依次运行 EurekaApplication、ServiceHelloApplication、WebHelloRibbonApplication、WebHelloFeignApplication、ZuulApplication

打开浏览器访问:http://localhost:8769/api/a/say?message=HelloZuul 浏览器显示:

Your message is: HelloZuul, port: 8763

配置网关路由失败时的回调

@Component
public class WebHelloFeignFallbackProvider implements FallbackProvider {

    @Override
    public String getRoute() {
        // ServiceId,如果需要所有调用都支持回退,则 return "*" 或 return null
        return "hello-spring-cloud-web-admin-feign";
    }

    /**
     * 如果请求服务失败,则返回指定的信息给调用者
     * @param route
     * @param cause
     * @return
     */
    @Override
    public ClientHttpResponse fallbackResponse(String route, Throwable cause) {
        return new ClientHttpResponse() {
            /**
             * 网关向 api 服务请求失败了,但是消费者客户端向网关发起的请求是成功的,
             * 不应该把 api 的 404,500 等问题抛给客户端
             * 网关和 api 服务集群对于客户端来说是黑盒
             * @return
             * @throws IOException
             */
            @Override
            public HttpStatus getStatusCode() throws IOException {
                return HttpStatus.OK;
            }

            @Override
            public int getRawStatusCode() throws IOException {
                return HttpStatus.OK.value();
            }

            @Override
            public String getStatusText() throws IOException {
                return HttpStatus.OK.getReasonPhrase();
            }

            @Override
            public void close() {

            }

            @Override
            public InputStream getBody() throws IOException {
                ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
                Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
                map.put("status", 200);
                map.put("message", "无法连接,请检查您的网络");
                return new ByteArrayInputStream(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(map).getBytes("UTF-8"));
            }

            @Override
            public HttpHeaders getHeaders() {
                HttpHeaders headers = new HttpHeaders();
                // 和 getBody 中的内容编码一致
                headers.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8);
                return headers;
            }
        };
    }

}

服务过滤

Zuul 不仅仅只是路由,还有很多强大的功能,比如服务过滤功能:

@Component
public class LoginFilter extends ZuulFilter {

    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoginFilter.class);

    /**
     * 配置过滤类型,有四种不同生命周期的过滤器类型
     * 1. pre:路由之前
     * 2. routing:路由之时
     * 3. post:路由之后
     * 4. error:发送错误调用
     * @return
     */
    @Override
    public String filterType() {
        return "pre";
    }

    /**
     * 配置过滤的顺序
     * @return
     */
    @Override
    public int filterOrder() {
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * 配置是否需要过滤:true/需要,false/不需要
     * @return
     */
    @Override
    public boolean shouldFilter() {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * 过滤器的具体业务代码
     * @return
     * @throws ZuulException
     */
    @Override
    public Object run() throws ZuulException {
        RequestContext context = RequestContext.getCurrentContext();
        HttpServletRequest request = context.getRequest();
        logger.info("{} >>> {}", request.getMethod(), request.getRequestURL().toString());
        String token = request.getParameter("token");
        if (token == null) {
            logger.warn("Token is empty");
            context.setSendZuulResponse(false);
            context.setResponseStatusCode(401);
            try {
                context.getResponse().getWriter().write("Token is empty");
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        } else {
            logger.info("OK");
        }
        return null;
    }

}
  • filterType:返回一个字符串代表过滤器的类型,在 Zuul 中定义了四种不同生命周期的过滤器类型

    • pre:路由之前

    • routing:路由之时

    • post: 路由之后

    • error:发送错误调用

  • filterOrder:过滤的顺序

  • shouldFilter:是否需要过滤

  • run:过滤器的具体业务代码

启动后访问 http://localhost:8769/api/a/say?message=HelloZuul,显示:

Token is empty

带上 token 后访问 http://localhost:8769/api/b/say?message=HelloZuul&token=123,显示:

Your message is: HelloZuul, port: 8763

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